What is a deck cargo? Lashing and securing The phrase ‘deck cargoes’ refers to objects and/or commodities carried on the weather-deck and/or hatch-covers of a ship and thereon exposed to sun, wind, rain, snow, ice and sea, so that the packaging must be fully resistant to, or the commodities themselves not be denatured by such
General Average A basic understanding of general average (GA) is important to a surveyor and when a GA is declared by a shipowner it can provide a great deal of survey work, often involving several surveyors acting for the different parties. It is recommended that surveyors study the subject from one of the texts listed
Jettison When goods or ship's gear are voluntarily sacrificed by casting them overboard in time of peril, with the object of preventing the loss of the vessel and the balance of her cargo, there is said to be a loss by jettison, Such a sacrifice will normally be recoverable in general average, but it must
Documents required for adjustment The documents required for general average claims vary considerably according to the nature of the casualty. The following items are selected as applying to the majority of cases. Documents/information where there has been a resort to a port of refuge: a) Log extracts and reports from the master or other relevant
Before the voyage commences 1 General average clause in bills of lading or charter party a) Code of Adjustment The contract of carriage is evidenced in the bill of lading or charter party or both, and it is customary for a clause to be incorporated which deals with the adjustment of general average. Such a
When the Casualty Occurs 1 Persons to be notified When a casualty occurs which may give rise to general average sacrifices being made or expenses incurred, it is the responsibility of the shipowner to see that the proper steps are taken to bring the voyage to a satisfactory conclusion. The first step must be to
1. Principle of General Average: That which has been sacrificed for the benefit of all shall be made good by the contribution of all. The principle of general average was first formulated by the ancient Greeks in a maxim dealing with the question of jettison, but it is probable that the idea itself was of
General Average - Port of Refuge (Note: the term 'port of refuge' is used here in its wider sense as indicating any port at which general average expenses is incurred. It may thus include a normal port of call for loading, bunkering, etc. or discharge.) 1 Reports to the shipowner Whereas at the time of
1 Delivery of cargo With regard to general average security, it should be remembered that the shipowner retains his lien on the cargo only for so long as it remains in his custody. If the cargo is forwarded from a port of refuge to destination in a vessel belonging to the same owners as the
Shipowners can bind cargo owners to arbitration in salvage agreements Background A shipowner or master can bind cargo owners to arbitration where it is offered in a salvage agreement (under the Lloyds Standard Form of Salvage Agreement (LOF 2000)). The shipowner's or master's authority derives from the London International Salvage Convention (1989), ratified by both
